Overcrowding the pan with food takes longer to cook and gives unsatisfactory results. What you should do instead.
A question I have been asked recently, is ‘why should you not overcrowd the pan?’
Overcrowding the pan with food where it is overlapping or placed very closely together, is quite a common mistake when cooking in large quantities.
Whether you are pan roasting meat or vegetables, baking cookies, deep frying or sautéing, it is important to arrange the food so that hot air may pass through, as part of the cooking process.
The cooking process
During any type of cooking, once a certain level of heat is attained, the food releases moisture from all sides.
If the pan is hot enough, this liquid will evaporate, allowing the browning process to begin (see the Maillard reaction, below).
This can only happen as long as the pan is not overcrowded.
What happens when you overcrowd the pan?
When too many ingredients are placed in the pan so they are touching or even overlapping each other, a great deal of moisture is released.
This lowers the temperature in the pan, preventing the liquid from turning to steam and escaping.
The liquid quickly builds up, collecting in the pan, and the food begins to stew. In the case of baking, cookies remain raw, and in deep frying, the temperature of the oil is reduced so the food does not become crispy.
This rules out any hope of starting the browning process till all the water has evaporated, by which time the meat will be tough or the vegetables, mushy.
So, in overcrowding the pan, not only does the food take longer to cook, but the final dish looks rather dull and insipid.
The Maillard reaction
This is an important flavor producing reaction in food where the amino acids react with the sugars at raised temperatures. Once the moisture has evaporated, the Maillard reaction begins and the food begins to brown.
It is responsible for the many colors and flavors when meats are browned or seared (think roast beef, crispy chicken, smashed burgers or steak), the golden brown on french fries, the umami flavour of caramelized onions, golden edges on cookies, etc.
In short, the Maillard reaction produces flavorsome, aromatic and visually pleasing dishes.
How to pan fry meats
- Pat the meat dry with a paper towel before cooking. (The USDA recommends not washing meat prior to cooking as the bacteria can spread to other foods, utensils and surfaces. Cooking the meat kills off the bacteria.)
- Arrange the meat 1 inch apart form one another. For a large quantity, cook in batches, keeping the first batch warm while cooking the rest.
- If the meat has been in a marinade, leave a bigger gap to allow the extra moisture to escape.
- The food should come in contact with the pan, lying flat, and not in a pile or overlapping.
- Keep the heat high enough so that the steam evaporates.
- As the liquid evaporates, the meat will begin to brown.
How to pan fry vegetables
- Certain vegetables with high water content such as eggplant, zucchini, peppers, and cabbage, give off quite a bit of moisture. In order to avoid stewing, and for browning to take place, allow enough space in the pan for the moisture to escape. For a large quantity, cooking in batches works best.
- Spinach releases a larger amount of water, so it may be necessary after cooking to pour the spinach into a strainer allowing the excess liquid to drain into a bowl underneath. Reserve this liquid as it adds a lovely flavour to soups.
- Mushrooms also release a good deal of water, especially if they have been washed prior to cooking. This liquid makes a wonderful stock, adding an extra layer of umami flavour to a dish.
Cooking from frozen
Frozen food has an increased water content.
Frozen meat can be cooked from frozen, just add an extra 50% cooking time, and place the frozen pieces a few inches apart from each other.
Size of pans
When selecting cookware, choose a suitable sized pan which will accommodate the ingredients allowing space for the steam to evaporate. If not, cook in batches.
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